Human Health and Disease: MCQ Test

41. Acquired immunity is characterized by 'memory'. What does this mean?

• It forgets past pathogen encounters.
• It responds with low intensity to subsequent encounters.
• It has a memory of the first encounter, leading to a highly intensified secondary response.
• It only responds to new pathogens.

42. Which two special types of lymphocytes are involved in carrying out primary and secondary immune responses?

• Macrophages and Neutrophils
• Basophils and Eosinophils
• B-lymphocytes and T-lymphocytes
• Mast cells and Plasma cells

43. Which type of lymphocytes produce an 'army of proteins' called antibodies to fight pathogens in our blood?

• T-lymphocytes
• B-lymphocytes
• Natural Killer cells
• Monocytes

44. An antibody molecule has four peptide chains. How are these chains described and represented?

• Two short called alpha chains and two longer called beta chains (α2β2)
• Two small called light chains and two longer called heavy chains (H2L2)
• Four identical chains (I4)
• Two short called primary chains and two longer called secondary chains (P2S2)

45. The immune response where antibodies are found in the blood is called:

• Cell-mediated immune response
• Humoral immune response
• Innate immune response
• Passive immune response

46. Which type of lymphocytes mediate the cell-mediated immune response (CMI)?

• B-lymphocytes
• T-lymphocytes
• Macrophages
• Plasma cells

47. Why is tissue matching and blood group matching essential before organ transplantation, and what role does the immune system play?

• To boost the recipient's innate immunity against foreign antigens.
• To ensure the recipient's body accepts the graft, as the cell-mediated immune response differentiates 'self' from 'non-self' and is responsible for graft rejection.
• To induce active immunity in the recipient to fight the new organ.
• To simply reduce the cost of the transplant procedure.

48. When a host is exposed to antigens (living or dead microbes or other proteins) and produces antibodies in its own body, this type of immunity is called:

• Passive immunity
• Innate immunity
• Active immunity
• Congenital immunity

49. Which type of immunity is characterized by ready-made antibodies being directly given to protect the body against foreign agents?

• Active immunity
• Innate immunity
• Passive immunity
• Cell-mediated immunity

50. Mother's milk (colostrum) is very essential for newborns because it has abundant antibodies of which type, providing passive immunity?

• IgG
• IgM
• IgA
• IgE

51. Besides colostrum, how else does the foetus receive some antibodies from its mother to gain passive immunity?

• Through direct skin contact after birth
• Through the placenta during pregnancy
• Through shared air in the womb
• Through food consumed by the mother

52. The principle of immunisation or vaccination is primarily based on which property of the immune system?

• Specificity
• Diversity
• Memory
• Self-tolerance

53. In vaccination, what is introduced into the body to stimulate antibody production and memory cell generation?

• Live, virulent pathogens
• Preformed antibodies
• A preparation of antigenic proteins of a pathogen or inactivated/weakened pathogen (vaccine)
• Strong antibiotics

54. If a person is infected with deadly microbes requiring a quick immune response (e.g., tetanus or snakebites), what type of immunisation is given?

• Active immunisation with live vaccine
• Passive immunisation with preformed antibodies or antitoxin
• Innate immunity boosters
• Long-term antibiotic course

55. Recombinant DNA technology has allowed large-scale production of antigenic polypeptides for vaccines. Which vaccine is mentioned as being produced from yeast using this approach?

• Smallpox vaccine
• Polio vaccine
• Hepatitis B vaccine
• Typhoid vaccine

56. The exaggerated response of the immune system to certain antigens present in the environment is called:

• Autoimmunity
• Immune deficiency
• Allergy
• Inflammation

57. The substances to which an immune response is produced in allergies are called:

• Pathogens
• Antitoxins
• Allergens
• Antibodies

58. Which type of antibodies are produced in response to allergens during an allergic reaction?

• IgG
• IgA
• IgM
• IgE

59. Common examples of allergens include:

• Mites in dust
• Pollens
• Animal dander
• All of the above

60. Allergy symptoms like sneezing, watery eyes, and difficulty in breathing are due to the release of which chemicals from mast cells?

• Adrenaline and nor-adrenaline
• Haemozoin and pyrogens
• Histamine and serotonin
• Interferons and antibodies