Test your knowledge of clinical pharmacy practice, laboratory data interpretation, and related concepts.
Test Your Knowledge
Showing questions 21 - 40 of 315
21. What is the primary method for diagnosing pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) recommended by the CDC, particularly for respiratory specimens?
Because of their high specificity and the rapid availability of results, the CDC recommends performing Nucleic Acid (NA) amplification tests on respiratory specimens of patients suspected of having pulmonary TB.
22. In arterial blood gas analysis, what do pH values below 7.35 generally represent?
Generally speaking, pH values below 7.35 represent acidemia. pH values above 7.45 represent alkalemia, with 7.4 being the threshold for categorization during ABG assessment.
23. What is the definition of 'nutrition' as provided in the sources?
Nutrition is defined as a function of living plants and animals, consisting of the taking in and assimilation of material through chemical changes (metabolism) whereby tissue is built up and energy liberated.
24. Which type of bacteria can grow satisfactorily at very low oxygen levels but not in its complete absence?
Microaerophiles are microorganisms that can grow satisfactorily at very low oxygen levels but are unable to grow in its complete absence.
25. What is the purpose of using a 10% solution of potassium hydroxide (KOH) with or without fluorescent calcofluor white (CFW) stain in direct microscopic examination of fungal specimens?
A common approach to wet preparations of specimens for fungi is to use a 10% solution of potassium hydroxide (KOH). The strong alkaline KOH solution digests tissue elements to allow better visualization of the fungi, while the CFW stain binds to chitin and polysaccharides in the fungal cell wall allowing it to appear white under ultraviolet light.
26. What is the primary objective that the 'A Textbook of Clinical Pharmacy Practice: Essential Concepts and Skills' aims to answer?
The book aims to answer 'How do clinical pharmacists practice?' rather than focusing solely on what clinical pharmacists need to know about drugs and therapeutics.
27. Which of the following programmes has seen enthusiasm from students for careers in pharmacy practice in India, leading to its offering in over 70 pharmacy colleges?
The enthusiasm of students for careers in pharmacy practice has resulted in the Pharm D programme, now offered by over 70 pharmacy colleges throughout India.
28. According to the Preface of the Second Edition, which of the following is a new chapter introduced in this edition?
New chapters in this second edition include Community Pharmacy Practice, Medication Use in Pregnancy and Lactation, Poison Information and Ethical Issues in Clinical Research.
29. What is highlighted as a critical factor for the acceptance and advancement of clinical pharmacy practice in India?
The acceptance and advancement of clinical pharmacy practice depends on a good professional relationship with the medical profession, built on mutual support and respect.
30. Which professional service, if demonstrated by pharmacists, was recommended by the Kelkar Committee for which a professional or dispensing fee should be paid?
The Kelkar Committee recommended that a professional or dispensing fee be paid to practicing pharmacists who demonstrate ability and commitment to providing professional services such as labelling medications with directions and counselling patients.
31. What is considered a major challenge and concern regarding pharmaceutical education in India, as per the sources?
A few issues that need continuous monitoring and development include building, monitoring, reviewing, and upgrading the quality of Pharm D and M Pharm (Pharmacy Practice) programmes in private and public institutions.
32. In the context of communication for pharmacists, what is a recommended safe method to avoid potential fatal errors caused by confusing prescribing terms or abbreviations?
Identifying confusing terms or abbreviations and checking the meaning with the author is the safest method to avoid these potential fatal errors.
33. What is the primary purpose of Patient Information Leaflets (PILs) as described in the sources?
PILs should include all essential information without making a document too lengthy or the typeface too small, using common usage terms and written to be understood by people with basic reading ability.
34. When delivering a message during patient counselling, what is the 'first stage' for successful information delivery?
The first stage in successful information delivery is to CHECK the client’s knowledge level and their information requirements, then adapt the information accordingly.
35. Which type of question is recommended to help the pharmacist assess the information needs of the patient during counselling?
Open-ended questions help the pharmacist assess the information needs of the patient.
36. What is the ideal readability score range for Patient Information Leaflets (PILs) using the Flesch Reading Ease (FRE) formula?
To assess the reading ease of any PIL written in English, the Flesch Reading Ease (FRE) formula can be used. The ideal PIL should have a readability score of 70–80.
37. What did the example of a patient taking doxycycline and iron illustrate regarding drug interactions?
The pharmacist should recommend taking doxycycline in the morning and at night with food, and iron at lunch time. This is because heavy metal ions like iron can chelate tetracyclines like doxycycline, reducing oral absorption, which can be avoided by separating their administration by at least two hours.
38. According to the WHO Model List of Essential Medicines process, how often is an expert international committee constituted to evaluate evidence for drug inclusion/deletion?
An expert international committee is constituted every two years. They evaluate the evidence that is submitted before reaching a consensus.
39. What is a significant advantage of having a limited Essential Medicines List (EML) for doctors and pharmacists?
With a restricted list, doctors and pharmacists can acquire an in-depth knowledge of the clinical pharmacology of the drugs and make sure that they are used appropriately.
40. What is described as a 'classic example of the irreconcilable role of health and commerce in medicine' concerning the Essential Medicines Concept?
The pharmaceutical industry has a strong commercial interest in having many medicines in the market. The industry obviously does not like limited lists, especially those based on transparent criteria. Hence, there has been persistent opposition from the very beginning to this concept. This is a classic example of the irreconcilable role of health and commerce in medicine.