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Excretory Products & Their Elimination: MCQs

Test your understanding of excretory products, human excretory system, and kidney function with these multiple-choice questions.

Test Your Knowledge

Showing questions 121 - 140 of 169

121. A person who is on a long hunger strike and is surviving only on water, will have : -

Less urea in his urine
More sodium in his urine
Less amino acids in his urine
More glucose in his blood

During a prolonged hunger strike with only water intake, the body primarily utilizes stored fats and then proteins for energy. While protein catabolism typically produces urea, long-term starvation aims to conserve body protein. Additionally, without food intake, the body would be in a water conservation state (if fluids are limited), leading to more concentrated urine and potentially a reduction in the total amount of solutes, including urea, excreted to conserve water. Therefore, one would expect less urea in his urine (in terms of total daily excretion, even if highly concentrated). *This explanation draws on general physiological knowledge as the specific effects of prolonged starvation on urine urea content are not detailed in the provided sources.*

122. Water reabsorption in the distal parts of kidney tubules is regulated by :

The reabsorption of water in the distal segments of the nephron, particularly the distal convoluted tubule and collecting tubules and ducts, is largely controlled by the hormone ADH (Antidiuretic Hormone), also known as Vasopressin. In the presence of ADH, the walls of these tubules become permeable to water, facilitating its reabsorption back into the bloodstream.

123. Due to insufficient filtration in the Bowman’s capsule, all are likely to happen except :

Accumulation of fluid in the body
Increase in blood pressure
Incrase in blood urea level
Loss of glucose through urine

Insufficient filtration in Bowman's capsule implies a reduced Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR). This would lead to: * Accumulation of fluid in the body as less fluid is filtered and excreted. * Increase in blood pressure due to the increased fluid volume in circulation. * Increase in blood urea level (Uremia) as metabolic waste products like urea are not adequately removed from the blood. * Loss of glucose through urine (Glycosuria): This is unlikely to happen due to insufficient filtration. Glucose is normally completely reabsorbed in the PCT. If filtration is insufficient, less glucose would even reach the tubules, and therefore less would be present in urine. Glycosuria primarily occurs when blood glucose levels are too high, exceeding the tubules' reabsorption capacity (as in diabetes mellitus). Therefore, 'Loss of glucose through urine' is the exception.

124. The appearance of albumin in the urine is most likely due to :

Increase in the blood pressure
Decrease in the blood osmotic pressure
Damage to the Malpighian corpuscles
Damage to the proximal convoluted tubules

Albumin is a large protein that is normally excluded from the glomerular filtrate during filtration. The Malpighian corpuscle (which includes the glomerulus and Bowman's capsule) is the site of ultrafiltration, acting as the filtration barrier. If there is damage to the Malpighian corpuscles, particularly the filtration barrier within the glomerulus (composed of endothelial fenestrations, basement membrane, and podocytes), proteins like albumin can leak through and appear in the urine (a condition known as proteinuria).

125. Urinary excretion of Na is regulated by :

Anterior pituitary
Posterior pitultary
Adrenal cortex
Adrenal medulla

Urinary excretion and reabsorption of sodium ions (Na+) are primarily regulated by the hormone aldosterone. Aldosterone is a mineralocorticoid hormone produced and secreted by the adrenal cortex, the outer layer of the adrenal gland.

126. Kidney crystals are solid clusters of :

Calcium nitrate and uric acid
Phosphate and uric acid
Clacium carbonate and uric acid
Calcium metabisulphite and uric acid

Kidney crystals are commonly referred to as renal calculi or kidney stones. These are insoluble masses formed by the crystallization of various salts within the kidney. While the source generally mentions 'oxalate etc.', common types of kidney stones often include calcium salts (like calcium oxalate or calcium phosphate) and uric acid stones. Therefore, a combination of 'Phosphate and uric acid' represents a plausible composition of kidney crystals.

127. The yellow colour of urine of vertebrates is due to :

Cholesterol
Urochrome
Uric acid
Melanin

The normal pale yellow color of urine is attributed to a pigment called urochrome. Urochrome is a metabolic byproduct resulting from the breakdown of hemoglobin, and its concentration influences the intensity of the urine's yellow hue.

128. Which one of the four parts mentioned below does not constitute a part of a single uriniferous tubule:

Bowman’s capsule
Distal convoluted tubule
Loop of Henle
Collecting duct

The uriniferous tubule, or nephron, is the structural and functional unit of the kidney. It comprises the Glomerulus, Bowman's capsule, Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT), Loop of Henle, and Distal Convoluted Tubule (DCT). The collecting duct is a separate structure that receives urine from multiple nephrons, eventually merging to form larger ducts. While functionally linked to urine formation, it is not considered part of a *single* nephron.

129. Diuresis s a specific pathological condition which lead to :

Increased volume of urine excretion
Decreased volume of urine excretion
Increased glucose excretion
Decreased electrolyte concentration

Diuresis refers to a physiological state characterized by an increased volume of urine excretion. This can be induced by diuretic substances (like coffee or alcohol) that inhibit water reabsorption, or by certain medical conditions (like diabetes mellitus causing osmotic diuresis).

130. Which one of the following pair of waste substances is removed from blood in ornithine cycle :

CO₂ and urea
Ammonia and urea
CO₂ and ammonia
Urea and sodium salt

The ornithine cycle (urea cycle) is the biochemical pathway in the liver that detoxifies harmful nitrogenous waste. It utilizes ammonia (NH₃), which is the first metabolic waste product of protein metabolism, and carbon dioxide (CO₂) to synthesize urea. Thus, these two specific waste substances are effectively removed from the blood via their conversion into urea in this cycle.

131. The term haematuria is used to describe :

Internal bleeding
Blood in urine
Blood cancer
Blood poisoning

Haematuria is defined as the presence of blood in the urine. This condition signals an abnormal passage of red blood cells into the urinary tract, as they are normally retained during glomerular filtration.

132. In the kidney, the formation of urine involve the following processes arranged as

Glomerular filtration, reabsorption and tubular secretion
Reabsoption, filtration and secretion
Secretion, absorption and filtration
Filtration, secretion and reabsorption

Urine formation in the kidney is a precisely ordered process consisting of three main steps: 1. Glomerular Filtration: The initial step where blood plasma is filtered in the glomerulus. 2. Tubular Reabsorption: Essential substances are selectively reabsorbed from the filtrate back into the blood. 3. Tubular Secretion: Waste products and excess ions are actively secreted from the blood into the filtrate. This sequence ensures efficient waste removal and maintenance of body fluid homeostasis.

133. An advantage of excreting nitrogenous wastes in the form of uric acid is that :

Uric acid can be excreted in almost solid form
The formation of uric acid requires a great deal of energy
Uric and is the first metabolic breakdown products of acids
Uric acid may be excreted through the lungs

Uricotelism (excretion of uric acid) is a significant adaptation for water conservation, especially in terrestrial vertebrates laying shelled eggs, reptiles, and birds. The primary advantage is that uric acid can be passed out almost in the form of a precipitate because it is almost insoluble in water. This allows for minimum loss of water during excretion, which is crucial in arid environments or for embryos within shelled eggs where toxic nitrogenous wastes cannot diffuse out.

134. If Henle's loop were absent from mammalian nephron. Which of the following is to be expected–

The urine will be more in volume
There will be no urine formation
There will be hardly any change in the quality and quantity of urine formed
The urine will be more concentrated

The Loop of Henle is essential for establishing and maintaining the osmotic gradient in the renal medulla, a process critical for concentrating urine. If this structure were absent, the kidney's ability to reabsorb significant amounts of water would be severely compromised. Consequently, the kidney would produce a large volume of more dilute urine, leading to excessive water loss from the body. Therefore, the urine will be more in volume.

135. A conditon of failure of kidney to form urine is called–

Deamination
Entropy
Anuria
None of these

Anuria is the medical term used to describe a severe condition where the kidneys fail to produce or excrete urine. *This specific term's definition is not explicitly present in the provided source's list of kidney disorders, but it is a standard medical term that describes the complete cessation of urine production.*

136. What is the characteristic of metanephric kidney–

Hypotonic urine production
Excess secretion of uric acid
Loop of Henle
Hormone production

The source describes metanephric kidneys as the most advanced type of kidneys, which are found in reptiles, birds, and mammals. A defining characteristic of these advanced kidneys is the presence of the Loop of Henle. The Loop of Henle is crucial for the kidney's ability to produce concentrated, hypertonic urine, which is a significant adaptation for terrestrial life.

137. The hormone sereted by kidney is–

Gastrin
Secretin
Erythropoietin
Aldosterone

While the kidney produces various substances involved in its own regulation (like renin), it also secretes hormones that affect other body systems. One such hormone, though not extensively detailed in the main text of this source, is Erythropoietin. This can be inferred from its appearance as an option in Q.14 of the Self-Assess section, indicating its relevance in kidney-related physiology. Erythropoietin stimulates red blood cell production in the bone marrow in response to hypoxia. *The direct statement 'kidney produces erythropoietin' is not explicitly present in the main explanatory text, but can be inferred from its inclusion in a multiple-choice option related to kidney function.*

138. Which of the following are uricotelic animals–

Rohu and frog
Lizard and crow
Camel and frog
Earthworm and eagle

Uricotelic animals are those whose main excretory product is uric acid. The sources provide examples of uricotelic organisms: * Reptiles: E.g., lizard. * Birds: E.g., crow (and eagle). * Insects: E.g., cockroach. Therefore, Lizard and crow correctly represent a pair of uricotelic animals.

139. Marine teleosts, undergoing putrefaction, emit sharp characteristic foul odour, which is due to the production of–

Trimethylamine
Hydrogen sulphide
Ammonia
Lactic Acid

The source mentions that some animals convert highly toxic ammonia (NH₃) into less toxic trimethylamine oxide (TMAO) and retain high concentrations of TMAO to minimize water loss. While not explicitly stated in the source, Trimethylamine (TMA) is a well-known compound produced when TMAO in marine fish undergoes bacterial breakdown (putrefaction) after death, causing the characteristic 'fishy' odor. *This explanation draws on general biological and chemical knowledge as the specific link between TMAO breakdown and foul odor is not detailed in the provided sources.*

140. Fresh water bony fishes maintain water balance by–

Excreting a hypotonic urine
Excreting salt across their gills
Drinking small amount of water
Excreting wastes in the form of uric acid

Freshwater bony fish live in an environment where the surrounding water has a lower solute concentration than their body fluids. This causes water to constantly move into their bodies via osmosis, and salts to diffuse out. To maintain water balance (osmoregulate), they counteract water gain by excreting a large volume of very dilute (hypotonic) urine and actively absorbing salts from the water through specialized cells in their gills. They generally do not drink water. *This explanation draws on general biological knowledge as these specific osmoregulation mechanisms for freshwater bony fish are not detailed in the provided sources.*

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