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Excretory Products & Their Elimination: MCQs

Test your understanding of excretory products, human excretory system, and kidney function with these multiple-choice questions.

Test Your Knowledge

Showing questions 101 - 120 of 169

101. Part not belonging to uriniferous tubule is –

Glomerulus
Henle's
Distal convoluted tuble
Collecting duct

A nephron, also known as a uriniferous tubule, is the structural and functional unit of the kidney. Each nephron consists of the glomerulus, Bowman's capsule, Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT), Loop of Henle, and Distal Convoluted Tubule (DCT). The collecting duct receives filtrate from multiple nephrons and is generally considered part of the collecting system, not an integral part of a single uriniferous tubule itself.

102. Which pair is correct–

Sweat = temperature regulation
Saliva = sense of food taste
Sebum = sexual attraction
Humerus = Hind leg

The skin contains numerous sweat glands that excrete sweat. While the source highlights sweat as an excretory product, a primary physiological function of sweating is temperature regulation through evaporative cooling. *This specific link between sweat and temperature regulation, while a fundamental biological concept, is not explicitly detailed in the provided text, but consistent with the role of skin as an accessory excretory organ.*

103. Malpighian corpuscles are present in–

Cortex
Medulla
Germinal cells
None of them

The Malpighian body (or renal corpuscle) is the complex formed by the glomerulus, connective tissue, and Bowman's capsule. The renal cortex is the outer part of the kidney, and it is in this region that the glomeruli of cortical nephrons (which make up about 85% of all nephrons) are located. Additionally, the proximal and distal convoluted tubules, which are continuous with the Malpighian corpuscle, also primarily reside in the cortex.

104. In rabbit and humans, the kidney is–

Metanephric
Mesonephric
Pronephric
Opisthonephric

The source refers to the metanephric kidneys as the most advanced type, characterized by the presence of the Loop of Henle, and states that these kidneys are found in mammals. Both rabbits and humans are mammals, thus possessing metanephric kidneys.

105. Brush border is characteristic of

Neck of nephron
Collecting tube
Proximal convoluted tuble
All the above

The epithelial lining of the Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT) is characterized by the presence of brush borders. These brush borders are formed by numerous long microvilli that significantly increase the surface area available for reabsorption, making the PCT highly efficient in recovering essential substances from the glomerular filtrate.

106. Nitrogenous waste products are eliminated mainly as–

Urea in tadpole & ammonia in adult frog
Ammonia in tadpole and urea in adult frog
Urea in both tadpole & adult frog
Urea in tadpole and uric acid in adult frog

The mode of nitrogenous waste excretion varies with developmental stage in amphibians. The tadpole larva of a frog is aquatic and is classified as ammonotelic, primarily excreting ammonia. The adult frog, being an amphibian, is ureotelic, mainly excreting urea. This shift reflects their adaptation from an aquatic to a more terrestrial lifestyle, as urea requires less water for excretion than ammonia.

107. Reabsorption of useful substances from glomerular filtrate occurs in

Collecting tube
Loop of henle
Proximal convoluted tuble
Distal convoluted tuble

While reabsorption occurs in all parts of the uriniferous tubule (PCT, Loop of Henle, DCT, collecting tubule), the Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT) is explicitly identified as the major site of reabsorption. It reabsorbs more than two-thirds of the glomerular filtrate volume, including essential nutrients like all glucose and amino acids, along with a significant amount of electrolytes and water.

108. ADH controls water permeability of –

Collecting tube (distal part)
Proximal convoluted tuble
Distal convoluted tuble (distal part)
All the above

ADH (Antidiuretic Hormone) plays a crucial role in regulating the final concentration of urine by controlling water reabsorption in the latter parts of the nephron. Specifically, it influences the water permeability of the distal convoluted tubule (DCT) and the collecting tubules/ducts. In the presence of ADH, the walls of these segments become permeable to water, allowing its reabsorption back into the bloodstream.

109. What will happen if one kidney is removed from the body of a human being

Death due to poisoning
Ureamia and death
Stoppage of urination
Nothing, the person will survive and remain normal kidney will become hypertrophied

Humans are born with two kidneys, but a single healthy kidney is generally sufficient to maintain normal kidney function and overall health. If one kidney is removed (nephrectomy), the remaining kidney can undergo compensatory hypertrophy, meaning it enlarges and increases its functional capacity to compensate for the loss of the other kidney. Therefore, a person can survive and remain normal with one kidney. *This explanation draws on general biological knowledge as this specific scenario is not detailed in the provided sources.*

110. Total filtrate formed in 24 hours in human kidney is –

1.8 litres
8.0 litres
18 litres
180 litres

The glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in a healthy human produces approximately 125 ml of filtrate per minute. When extrapolated over 24 hours, this equates to a total of about 180 liters per day (125 ml/min * 60 min/hr * 24 hr/day = 180,000 ml/day).

111. Ammonia is converted into urea in

Heart
Spleen
Liver
Brain

Ammonia is a highly toxic metabolic waste product, primarily resulting from protein deamination. To reduce its toxicity for transport and excretion, ammonia is converted into less toxic urea. This crucial conversion process, known as the urea cycle (ornithine cycle), takes place predominantly in the liver.

112. Which vitamin is excreted out in high quantity through urine in man–

Vit. C
Vit. B
Vit. E
Vit. K

Vitamins are classified as either fat-soluble (Vitamins A, D, E, K) or water-soluble (B vitamins and Vitamin C). Fat-soluble vitamins tend to be stored in the body, whereas water-soluble vitamins are generally not stored and are readily excreted if consumed in excess. Therefore, Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) is excreted in high quantities through urine in humans when intake exceeds the body's immediate needs. *This explanation draws on general biological knowledge as the specific excretion of Vitamin C is not detailed in the provided sources.*

113. If the afferent arteriole diameter is less than efferent arteriole than what happen

No effect
Ultrafiltration reaction is slow
Ultrafiltration is not possilbe.
Ultrafiltration will stop & tubular secretion is start

Normally, the afferent arteriole is wider than the efferent arteriole. This difference in diameter creates resistance to blood outflow, which maintains high pressure within the glomerulus, essential for ultrafiltration. If the afferent arteriole's diameter were *less* than the efferent arteriole's, it would significantly reduce blood flow into the glomerulus and lead to a drastic drop in glomerular hydrostatic pressure. Without sufficient pressure, the net filtration pressure would likely become zero or negative, rendering ultrafiltration impossible or extremely inefficient.

114. Concentration of urine depends upon which organ–

Bowman's capsule
Length of Henle's loop
P.C.T.
Network of capillaries arising from glomerulus

The ability of the kidney to produce concentrated urine is directly related to the Loop of Henle. The longer the Loop of Henle, especially in juxtamedullary nephrons, the greater the osmotic gradient it can establish in the renal medulla, which allows for more water reabsorption from the collecting ducts and thus more concentrated urine. The source explicitly states, 'The capability of concentrating the urine is largely related to the length of loop of Henle'.

115. Conversion of ammonia to urea is done by .........

Ornithine cycle
Arginine cycle
Fumaric cycle
Citrulline cycle

The process by which ammonia (NH₃) and carbon dioxide (CO₂) are converted into urea for excretion occurs in the liver. This metabolic pathway is formally known as the urea cycle, but it is also commonly referred to as the ornithine cycle, after one of the key amino acids involved in the pathway.

116. The movement of Ions against the concentration gradient will be–

Active transport
Osmosis
Diffusion
All

The movement of ions or other substances from a region of lower concentration to a region of higher concentration, or against their concentration gradient, requires energy. This process is known as active transport. In the kidneys, active reabsorption of many useful substances (e.g., Na+, K+) occurs against their concentration gradient, consuming significant energy. In contrast, osmosis and diffusion are passive processes that occur along the concentration gradient and do not require direct energy input.

117. If henle's loop were absent from mammalian nephron, which of the following is to be expected–

There will be no urine formation
There wil be hardly any change in the quality and quntity of urine formed
The urine will be more concentrated
The urine will be more dilute

The Loop of Henle plays a crucial role in establishing and maintaining the osmotic gradient in the renal medulla, which is essential for the kidney's ability to produce concentrated urine. If the Loop of Henle were absent from mammalian nephrons, this concentrating mechanism would be severely impaired. As a result, the kidney would lose its ability to reabsorb significant amounts of water efficiently, leading to the formation of a much more dilute urine and a considerable loss of body water.

118. Correct order of excretory organs in Cockroach, Earthworm and Rabbit respectively–

Skin, malpighi tubules, kidney
Malpighi tubules, Nephridia, kidney
Nephridia, malpighi tubules, kidney
Nephridia, kidney, green gland

The main excretory structures for these animals are: * Cockroach: As an insect (Arthropod), its main excretory structures are Malpighian tubules. * Earthworm: As an annelid, its main excretory structures are Nephridia. * Rabbit: As a mammal (Vertebrate), its main excretory structures are a pair of kidneys. Therefore, the correct order is Malpighian tubules, Nephridia, Kidney.

119. The net pressure gradient that causes the fluid to filter out of the glomeruli into the glomeruli into the capsule is–

20 mm Hg
50 mm Hg
75 mm Hg
30 mm Hg

The net pressure gradient responsible for filtration, known as the glomerular filtration pressure (GFP), is calculated as: GFP = Glomerular Hydrostatic Pressure (GHP) - (Blood Colloidal Osmotic Pressure (BCOP) + Capsular Hydrostatic Pressure (CHP)). According to the source, GHP = 60 mm Hg, BCOP = 30 mm Hg, and CHP = 20 mm Hg. Thus, GFP = 60 - (30 + 20) = 60 - 50 = 10 mm Hg. *Note: While the source calculates the net filtration pressure as 10 mm Hg, the provided answer key indicates 20 mm Hg. This discrepancy cannot be resolved based solely on the provided source material.* For the purpose of this YAML, the correct index (0 for 20 mmHg) is used as per the provided answer key, but the calculation from the source yields 10 mmHg.

120. Which one of the following blood vessel in mammals contains least amount of urea–

Hepatic portal vein
Hepatic vein
Dorsal aorta
Renal vein

Urea is produced in the liver and transported in the blood. The kidneys are responsible for filtering urea from the blood. Blood enters the kidneys via the renal artery and exits via the renal vein. After the blood has been filtered in the glomerulus and urea has been removed via urine formation, the renal vein carries the blood with the least amount of urea away from the kidneys and back to systemic circulation. In contrast, the hepatic vein carries blood away from the liver (where urea is produced), and the hepatic portal vein carries nutrient-rich blood to the liver (which then processes and produces urea).

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