Cellular Organisation, Biomolecules, and Cell Division: MCQ Test
Test your comprehensive knowledge of cell structure, biomolecules, and cell division processes, suitable for competitive exams, based on the provided learning materials.
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Showing questions 41 - 60 of 80
41. What are the disc-shaped structures present on the sides of the primary constriction (centromere) of a chromosome, which serve as sites for spindle fibre attachment?
Every chromosome (visible only in dividing cells) essentially has a primary constriction or the centromere on the sides of which disc shaped structures called kinetochores are present.
42. Based on the position of the centromere, a chromosome with the centromere situated close to its end, forming one extremely short arm and one very long arm, is classified as:
In case of acrocentric chromosome the centromere is situated close to its end forming one extremely short and one very long arm.
43. In terms of elemental composition, how do living organisms compare to the earth's crust?
All the elements present in a sample of earth’s crust are also present in a sample of living tissue. However, a closer examination reveals that the relative abundance of carbon and hydrogen with respect to other elements is higher in any living organism than in earth’s crust.
44. When a living tissue is ground in trichloroacetic acid and strained, it yields two fractions. Which fraction contains compounds with molecular weights ranging from 18 to around 800 daltons?
One is called the filtrate or more technically, the acid-soluble pool, and the second, the retentate or the acid-insoluble fraction. Compounds found in the acid soluble pool have molecular weights ranging from 18 to around 800 daltons.
45. In the context of chemical analysis of living tissues, what does the 'ash' contain after fully burning the tissue?
If the tissue is fully burnt, all the carbon compounds are oxidised to gaseous form (CO2, water vapour) and are removed. What is remaining is called ‘ash’. This ash contains inorganic elements (like calcium, magnesium etc).
46. Amino acids are organic compounds containing an amino group and an acidic group as substituents on the same carbon. Which of the following is an example of an acidic amino acid?
Based on number of amino and carboxyl groups, there are acidic (e.g., glutamic acid), basic (lysine) and neutral (valine) amino acids.
47. What is the carbon count (including the carboxyl carbon) of Arachidonic acid, a fatty acid?
Palmitic acid has 16 carbons including carboxyl carbon. Arachidonic acid has 20 carbon atoms including the carboxyl carbon.
48. Which type of lipid contains phosphorous and a phosphorylated organic compound, and is commonly found in cell membranes (e.g., lecithin)?
Some lipids have phosphorous and a phosphorylated organic compound in them. These are phospholipids. They are found in cell membrane. Lecithin is one example.
49. Which of the following is a nucleoside?
When nitrogen bases are found attached to a sugar, they are called nucleosides. Adenosine, guanosine, thymidine, uridine and cytidine are nucleosides.
50. Identify a secondary metabolite from the following options, which is described as being useful for 'human welfare' and can be found in plants, fungi, or microbial cells.
While primary metabolites have identifiable functions, secondary metabolites include compounds like alkaloids, flavonoids, rubber, essential oils, antibiotics, coloured pigments, scents, gums, spices, many of which are useful to human welfare (e.g., rubber, drugs, spices, scents and pigments).
51. Which of the following biomolecules, although having a molecular weight generally less than 800 Da, is found in the acid-insoluble fraction (macromolecular fraction) during chemical analysis of living tissues?
The acid insoluble fraction has four types of organic compounds: proteins, nucleic acids, polysaccharides and lipids. Lipids, whose molecular weights do not exceed 800 Da, come under the acid insoluble fraction because they are arranged into structures like cell membranes, which get broken into water-insoluble vesicles during tissue grinding.
52. What is the most abundant chemical in living organisms, constituting 70-90% of the total cellular mass?
Water is the most abundant chemical in living organisms, making up 70-90% of the total cellular mass.
53. Which protein is the most abundant in the animal world?
Collagen is the most abundant protein in animal world.
54. Which protein is the most abundant in the whole of the biosphere?
Ribulose bisphosphate Carboxylase-Oxygenase (RuBisCO) is the most abundant protein in the whole of the biosphere.
55. A protein's primary structure refers to:
The sequence of amino acids i.e., the positional information in a protein – which is the first amino acid, which is second, and so on – is called the primary structure of a protein.
56. In a polysaccharide chain like glycogen, what are the two ends referred to as?
In a polysaccharide chain (say glycogen), the right end is called the reducing end and the left end is called the non-reducing end.
57. Which of the following polysaccharides is a homopolymer of fructose?
Inulin is a polymer of fructose.
58. The exoskeletons of arthropods have a complex polysaccharide called:
Exoskeletons of arthropods, for example, have a complex polysaccharide called chitin.
59. What are enzymes that are nucleic acids behaving like enzymes called?
There are some nucleic acids that behave like enzymes. These are called ribozymes.
60. A major difference between enzyme catalysts and inorganic catalysts is that:
Inorganic catalysts work efficiently at high temperatures and high pressures, while enzymes get damaged at high temperatures (say above 40°C). However, enzymes isolated from thermophilic organisms are stable at high temperatures (upto 80°-90°C).